Huge Problem in Todays Society - Child Abuse - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1425 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/08 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Child Abuse Essay Did you like this example? Child Abuse is something that happens a lot more than people realize it does. It is actually a huge problem in todays society and can actually have a lot of detrimental effects on the childs performance in school. According to the Encyclopedia of Social Work there are more than 3 million reports concerning maltreatment of 6 million children (Davis, 2008). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Huge Problem in Todays Society Child Abuse" essay for you Create order Throughout history they focused on children who were orphans rather than focus on their maltreatment. And by the late 1800s agencies had established to help protect children from maltreatment and abuse in their own homes. For example, in Philadelphia children were being pulled from their homes if the family was too poor or too violent to care for their children. These agencies were developed to protect children from their caretakers who were abusing them. These agencies were supported by both public and private funds because there were no ordinances that were prohibiting the maltreatment of children. Until the year of 1974 there had been no prior federal laws that enforced national standards. Many of the laws during the 1960s, called the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1974(CAPTA) were only started because of a public outcry that followed a documented child abuse through x-rays and multiple fractures found on childrens scans. CAPTA then implemented that there be mandated reporting of maltreatment by professionals and if there is a report there has to be an investigation. The definition of child maltreatment focuses on three major forms of abuse, them being physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect. Child abuse and neglect are also defined by the fact that the maltreatment is being done by a parent or caretaker. CAPTA, as amended by the Keeping Children and Families Safe Act of 2003, defines child abuse and neglect as: (1) any act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitat ion; or (2) an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2006). (Davis, 2008). The definitions of child maltreatment and neglect havent really changed over the years. More services such as Child and Youth Services and Child Protective Services have been created. There have been about 3.3 million referrals to CPS that involves as many 6 million children in between the United States and Puerto Rico. About 30% of those reports were actually substantial abuse cases of abuse. It is found that younger children tend to be maltreated were as older children are more likely to be neglected. More females are maltreated than males and more males are killed or seriously injured and children who have a single parents home are more likely to be abused. These statistics are very interesting because often times you wouldnt think that things as small as your gender or living situation would impact if you were abused or not. Research shows that American Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Pacific Islanders are overly represented because of their representation of population. Sometimes people get confused and report people because of lack of food, shelter, and clothing al l due to not having enough money and not because they are being abused. A lot of abuse and neglect come from parental drug problems, parental mental health problems, young parents, child behavior issues, child with disabilities, and lack of support. Every type of abuse is different because everybodys situation is different. The way that an environment is structured could also lead to a child having an increased risk of being abused such as poverty, low wages, substance abuse, and racism. When working with children you have to be very careful because anything could trigger them. They have been abused and maltreated by people that they thought they could trust so they have little to no trust for anyone because everyone who they trusted ended up hurting them. Being a social worker in these types of cases can be extremely hard. As social workers we have to look at both sides of the issue meaning how we can improve the awareness of child abuse and understanding the underlying social issues leading up to the abuse. We need to be more aware especially when chil dren are in schools because that is when we will be able to notice the odd behavior the most. Academic success is a very important part of transitioning from youth to young adult and from young adult to an adult. Often times if children are abused, they tend to struggle academically and that can negatively impact their outcome in life. In recent studies they could not get a clear result because they used random groups of students. This new study focuses on students who had similar problems such as poverty, family characteristics, social and peer influences, and neighborhoods. It was found that even in the primary years of school children who experience agencies being involved in their life, tend to be delayed and causes them to sometimes be held back. A lot of children in school who are experiencing problems in their home experience frequent moves and changes which ultimately makes it difficult to succeed in school. If a child isnt getting the proper nutrients and attention, they need it will impact their performance in school. They found that cognitive and language delays ar e a greater risk in children who are abused. On average children who are abused tend to be at least half a year behind in school. It is isnt uncommon to see that the mistreated children often miss a lot of school and fall behind because of it. It is important that we have programs that help students who are behind. They cannot help that they are put into the situation that they are in, so we need to help them in every way that we can. Often times parents who have been abused in the past will abuse their children and not even realize they are doing it because that is how their parents taught them. Dealing with child abuse can be very difficult especially if you are a social worker. Having to go into peoples homes and sometimes taking children away from their parents, even though it may not be the right thing in your mind, is very hard. As a future educator it is hard to see that these children are being abused and that they are not getting the best of their schooling because of their parents. Academic success is a huge part of what the future of a child looks like. A lot of children who are abused in their younger days have a difficult time dealing with the emotions and over coming the trauma from their youth. A lot of high schoolers who had a history of being abused have behavioral problems and often drop out of school. It is important to be aware of this and do everything we can as social workers and educators to help these innocent children out who have no control over their situation. Throughout history the definition of child abuse has changed, and it has definitely helped save children from being abused. It is important for people to have an idea of what to look for and when to report child abuse because it could save childrens lives. Having an idea of how to deal and help children cope with abuse is essential to helping these children. Without all these laws about child abuse and reporting there would be a lot of undocumented reports of child abuse and a lot of children who would be very hurt. As social workers our goal is to help people and advocate for them. As a social worker for children we have to advocate whats best for them because sometimes the children cant even talk yet. Child abuse is a serious crime and it can not only impact the child emotionally but mentally and physically as well. Noticing the signs and trying to help these children will help save their lives so they can get out of the situation that they are in. Child abuse is something that is so common today that sometimes we dont realize it. If we do realize it, we need to make sure we are doing something about it because these children are our future. History has definitely changed the way child abuse is looked at and thats good because now all of these kids can be protected. Children are the future face of the country and we need to make sure that we as a whole are doing everything, we can to protect them.

Summary Of Bless Me, Ultima By Rudolfo Anaya - 1180 Words

AP Literature/ Period 3 Mr. Amoroso Emily Padilla Death is abstruse but can make one savvy. The way one thinks may be shifted by an incident, bringing them to a point where they feel uncertain about what they believe in. All the purity and sin that comes with this life is what brings them to become equivocal and controversial as to what is right and wrong. Thoughts of doubt may not be cleared up, but it will allow one to find a path they pertain to. A novel, Bless Me, Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya relates to this concept in the sense that the main character Antonio Mà ¡rez is conflicted due to the deaths he encounters which alters his beliefs. The war took Antonio’s three older brothers, but not only taking them, but also a war hero;†¦show more content†¦Tony being brought up to the idea that God is everything and that he was supposed to be a priest, who was the one closest to God was all being questioned since Ultima’s spirit being present in Lupito’s death rather than God himself. There was someone other than Tony who also was close to Ultima, Narciso a local town drunk. He was always looking out for Ultima and defending her from Tenorio who wanted to kill her. On the night of his death there was a snowstorm taking place and he was just trying to get to Ultima to warn her about Tenorio,who wanted to go out and kill her for the death of his daughters, Narciso didn t know but Antonio was following him on his journey to get to Ultima. Narciso tried to get Andrew to go tell Ultima because he believed he could get to her faster but he wasn t leaving Rosie’s house. â€Å"Confess me—† (Anaya 170) Narciso asking him to do this challenged Tony and God and the fact that he is being asked to do more than he is actually capable of is present once again. He as a kid and not a priest makes him not â€Å"allowed† to confess other people but he did so regardless, once again having him question God’s capabilities. â€Å"you’re only a kid—I’m just sorry.† (Anaya 178) The fact of a good person dying without justifiable reason is questioned by Tony, and why wasn t justice brought for Tenorio’s actions; Andrew not listening to Narciso was also questioned by Antonio, due to the fact thatShow MoreRelatedSummary : Bless Me, Ultima, Rudolfo Anaya Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pageswitches are portrayed in our modernistic era. In the novel, Bless Me, Ultima, Rudolfo Anaya depicts the development of Ultima, an old curandera, to symbolize a recurrent theme of how being different is looked down upon. Although being accused of witchcraft has had a negative connotation all throughout history, there is a fine line between using witchcraft for good rather than evil. Witchcraft can have two connotations in regards to Bless Me, Ultima, seeing as there are those individuals who support Ultima’sRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee (1960)[30] Dune, by Frank Herbert (1965)[33] The Outsiders, by S. E. Hinton (1967)[34] A Wizard of Earthsea, by Ursula K. Le Guin (1968)[35] I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, by Maya Angelou (1969) Bless Me, Ultima, by Rudolfo Anaya (1972) The World According to Garp, by John Irving (1978) The Discovery of Slowness, by Sten Nadolny (1983) Bright Lights, Big City, by Jay McInerney (1984)[36] Ender s Game, by Orson Scott Card (1985)[34] The Cider House Rules, by

How Should Our Society Assign value to a Human Life Essay Sample free essay sample

Today’s modern society designates persons life value by their accomplishments. yesteryear. or the salary they receive. Amanda Ripley. in â€Å"What is a Life Worth† . provinces that nowadays we base life on money. â€Å"There’s even a monetary value for your articulatio genus. approximately $ 200. 000. † ( 37 ) . Puting a monetary value on a life is morally incorrect. In today’s society. people automatically expect money when their loved 1s die. when the world is no money can loved 1s viod of a loved 1. The character Hamlet in Shakespeare’s drama â€Å"Hamlet† demonstrates the rough fact that most people value life when something unfortunate is happing. Misfortunes. such as decease. open our eyes and do us value and care for what we have. Lance Armstong provinces. â€Å" I returned a different individual. literally. † ( 36 ) . Lance had a close decease experince. After lasting malignant neoplastic disease he learned to populate life to the fullest and value every minute of life. We will write a custom essay sample on How Should Our Society Assign value to a Human Life? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The government’s thought about giving a human life a monetary value is incorrect. After the onslaughts on the Twin Towers. households all over the state were devasted and bosom broken to hear that their loved 1s had pasted off. The United States Government tried to counterbalance the households with money. Alternatively of being grateful. people got offended. Feiberg. a authorities employee hired to counterbalance the victim’s households. stated â€Å"just some unsmooth estimate of what I thought was just. † ( 41 ) . Feinberg became accustomed to all the accusals and review. He came to admit that they will neer be satisfied with the sum of money they receive. There can be two factors for this. people are either greedy and maintain desiring more. or they feel that no money can fulfill their loss. Looking back into our history. life was non valued every bit much as it is today. Peoples converted others into slaves. or even killed them because of their ethnicity or race. We have learned from their errors. Today’s society designates a human life a money value. In a modern papers â€Å"Human Life Calulator† . there is a expression for ciphering a value for a human life. it states â€Å" Please note. this reckoner will supply merely a unsmooth sense of your human life value†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( 44 ) This Calculator is used by life insurance companies to find how much money will be compensated to the loved 1s of the victims. Everyone should hold the right to acquire compensation to assist their households in instance of an acciden. However. giving more to some households and less to others depending on what their loved one was â€Å"Worth† is incorrect. All households should be compensated the same sum. no affair the race. salary. or old ages the individual has. After all. we are all created equal. Spear Armstrong is a great inspiration on how we should value life ; non by fame nor fortune. but by the obstructions you overcome. â€Å"The truth is that malignant neoplastic disease was the best thing that Evert happened to me. I don’t know why I got the illnes. but it did admirations for me and I wouldn’t want to walk off from it. Why would I want to alter. even for a twenty-four hours? The most of import and formative event in my life? † ( Lance Armstong. 36 ) . Surving malignant neoplastic disease made Armstrong appreciate the small things that he didn’t before. Life became more valueable to him. Our society should non establish a life’s value on money. Money is non a factor in finding the value of a human life. You give value to your life by your ain ends and achievements. As a society. we should larn to value person by who they are. and non what they work in or how much money they make. Hamlet. the prince of Denmark. was non happy besides all his luck ( Hamlet. Page 23 ) . He couldn’t happen a value to his life. Hamlet’s female parent nevertheless. proverb Hamlet’s life more valueable than Hamlet himself. A loved one can be so much more value to us than any other individual on Earth. That is the ground why Feinberg was bombarded with critque. he could neer fit the sum of money the victim’s households thought they were deserving ( Amanda Ripley. What is a Life Worth? . page 39 ) . As a society. we must come to recognize that. The construct of valueing life by existent dollars and cents is incorrect. Money can neer make full in the viod of a loved one.

Recent reforms to reduce incidents of secondary victimization Essay Example

Recent reforms to reduce incidents of secondary victimization Essay Explain the secondary victimisation experienced by victims of sexual assault and domestic violence, and critically evaluate recent reforms to eliminate or reduce such secondary victimization. Victimization can be either primary or secondary. In the latter case, the victim suffers from the consequences of the initial trauma. In other words, the victim â€Å"suffers from psychological and social damages by negative reactions of criminal justice system, families, friends, and media†. Psychological affectation as a result of witnessing a traumatic event can also be called secondary victimization. The Criminal Law of the UK did not deal with this aspect of violent crime until recently. As a result laws pertaining to secondary victimization are inadequate and do not always lead to fair and balanced justice (Schafer, 2006). Usually, secondary victimization cases don’t get proper understanding from the concerned authorities. For example, police officers are known to misunderstand the nature of sexual violence, carry out their interviews in inappropriate methods and environments. Sometimes, police officers supersede their realm of authority and offer settlements to the primary and secondary victims of crime. There is also a trend in the UK, where prosecutors and interrogators hold a negative bias toward the parties involved in the criminal act (Schafer, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Recent reforms to reduce incidents of secondary victimization specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Recent reforms to reduce incidents of secondary victimization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Recent reforms to reduce incidents of secondary victimization specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A very common manifestation of secondary victimization is through â€Å"victim responsibility†, where the victim is shown to be the instigator of the criminal act in the first place. Such attributions are all the more common in rape cases. Researchconsistently points out that victims may experience secondary victimizationand perpetrators may be handed disproportionately lighter sentences or even be absolvedof the accusation. Despite new legislations, guidelines and practices in the UK with respect to rape crimes, attrition rates remain extremely high. One of the research findings states the following: â€Å"Twenty-three interviewswere conducted with professionals and paraprofessionals whowork with sex offenders. The taped therapy sessions of a prisontreatment group were the source of perpetrator talk. Discourse analysis identified the existence of two discourses; the discourse of desire and the discourse of commonsense. Separately and together,these discourses served to attribute some responsibility to the victim and to conceptualize rape as sex.† (Finkelhor, 2005) Secondary victimization can happen in other ways as well. For instance, comprehensive investigation of some key groups related to violent crime – the primary victims themselves, and the broader group of their â€Å"families, friends, neighbourhoods, and communities† were carried out. Crimes such a rape (both male and female) need to be handled with tact and understanding. In other words, It is crucial that advanced practice nurses and other medical professionals be aware of indicators of rape and sexual assault in both genders and trained in detecting them. This becomes all the more important â€Å"as men are much less likely than women to spontaneously disclose abuse†. Men who are victims of such offences do not get proper attention from healthcare personnel, undermining their potential â€Å"to receive appropriate referrals for counselling and treatment†. If the primary trauma is not bad enough, the inability to seek therapeutic redress (psychotherapy ) can lead to victimization a second time around. But unfortunately, this area of victim justice is poorly legislated. National charities like Victim Support are at the forefront of the movement for change and reform in the criminal justice system (Sundaram, 2004). Victim Support has an entire division of its operations dedicated to providing counselling help for witnesses or secondary victims of crime. Understanding the fact that witnesses feel apprehensive about going to court irrespective of whether they are directly involved with the incident or not. Victim Support provides â€Å"Witness Service†, a program specially designed for secondary victims, in every criminal court in the United Kingdom. Charities like Victim Support are also pushing for legal reforms in this area. For example, the present legal framework does not consider the psychological affectations on defence witnesses. There are also no provisions made for secondary victims who are children. The latter fact is quite significant as the coping skills of children are much weaker than that of the adults, when it comes to stress and trauma (Sundaram, 2004). Office for Criminal Justice Reform (OCJR), a government agency, is the umbrella organization conceived in order to improve and reform the existing criminal justice system. Presently, the agency is coordinating efforts to bring about some necessary changes in the system. One of the main objectives is to make the process of reporting a criminal incident easier for the victims. Being a victim is never easy, but by making the bureaucratic and regimented nature of the criminal justice system an integrated one will help move toward the stated objective. There are a few other areas of redress, including a more rigorous law enforcement system that will â€Å"revolutionize compliance with sentences and orders of the court†. The agency has also recommended joining disparate units of the system into a single, modern and efficiently run service. In this context, the OCJR’s vision for the future is quite appropriate. The following passage captures the essence of what OCJR exp ects in terms of reforms: â€Å"To improve the delivery of justice by increasing the number of crimes for which an offender is brought to justice to 1.25 million and; Reassure the public, reducing the fear of crime and anti-social behaviour, and building confidence in the CJS without compromising fairness.† (Turner, 2006) Overall, the deficiencies prevailing in the present criminal justice system are quite clear. Not-for-profit organizations like Victim Support and government agencies like the OCJR have done a stellar job in trying to bring reform ideas into fruition. This would mean that secondary victims get a chance to see the court beforehand and understand procedures pertaining to the courts and get proper guidance and support during the period of litigation. On top of this availability of practical help, both primary and secondary victims have â€Å"easier access to people who can answer specific questions about the case (the Witness Service cannot discuss evidence or offer legal advice); and a chance to talk over the case when it has ended and to get more help or information.† (Turner, 2006) Of late, the government of England and Wales has developed several projects to help victims think generally about victimization, and then think about people they know who have been victims themselves. On such a contemplation of their experience of being victims, they gain a perspective on the consequences and aftermath of victimization. Organization such as Victim Support undertakes group therapy sessions with the victims to discuss the trauma of sexual abuse and its aftermath, and to conduct discussions about the misconceptions surrounding rape. Other programmes help prisoners doing service projects to make handicrafts for sale so that their earnings can go toward consolidating other victim empowerment programmes (Ditton, 2006). Still other programmes organise interactions between primary and secondary victims. This is supposed to help â€Å"victims’ experience real by allowing them to develop a relationship with their fellow victims, to hear their stories, and to reflect together on how crime affects the lives of many.† In all cases of crime, the perpetrators themselves are victims too. Recognizing this fact, â€Å"The International Centre for Prison Studies in the UK initiated a â€Å"restorative prison† project in three prisons. One of the four key objectives was to create opportunities for prisoners to perform community service projects in and outside of prisons, such as reclaiming public parkland†. Hence, positive results are already evident as a result of the few reforms made to the criminal justice system. References: Shepherd, Jonathan, and Cathy Lisles., â€Å"Towards multi-agency violence prevention and victim support: an investigation of police-accident and emergency service liaison.† British Journal of Criminology 38.n3 (Summer 1998): 351(20). Temkin, Jennifer. â€Å"Plus ca change; reporting rape in the 1990s.†, British Journal of Criminology 37.n4 (Autumn 1997): 507(20). Fattah, Ezzat A. â€Å"Helping Victims of Crime – the Home Office and the Rise of Victim Support in England and Wales.† The British Journal of Sociology 43.n3 (Sept 1992): 494(3). Smith, David J., and Russell Ecob., â€Å"An investigation into causal links between victimization and offending in adolescents.(Report). Corbett, Claire. â€Å"Helping Victims of Crime: The Home Office and the Rise of Victim Support in England and Wales.†, Journal of Law and Society 18.n4 (Winter 1991): 501-505. Maguire, Mike. â€Å"Helping Victims of Crime: The Home Office and the Rise of Victim Support in England and Wales.†, International Review of Victimology 2.n3 (Wntr 1993): 262-264. Mawby, Rob. â€Å"Guidelines for Victim Support in Europe: Report of the First European Conference of Victim Support Workers.† British Journal of Criminology 31.n2 (Spring 1991): 192-193. Whitehouse, R. â€Å"Helping People Cope with Crime: The Victim Support Handbook.† Science Justice 41.2 (April-June 2001): 127-131. Milgram, N., Stern, M., Levin, S. (March 2006)., Revenge versus forgiveness/forbearance in response to narrative-simulated victimization., The Journal of Psychology, 140, 2. p.105(15). Brunt, P., Brophy, K. (Fall 2006)., Gay tourist victimisation.(United Kingdom). International Review of Victimology,, 13, 3. p.275-299. Turner, H A, Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. (Jan 1, 2006)., The effect of lifetime victimization on the mental health of children and adolescents., Social Science Medicine, 62, 1. p.13(15). Hetzel, M D, McCanne, T R (August 2005)., The roles of peritraumatic dissociation, child physical abuse, and child sexual abuse in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder and adult victimization., Child Abuse and Neglect, 29, 8. p.915(16). Ditton, J., Chadee, D. (May 2006). People’s perceptions of their likely fiture risk of criminal victimization., British Journal of Criminology, 46, 3. p.505(14). Sundaram, V, Helweg-Larsen, K, Laursen, B, Bjerregaard, P (Jan 2004). Physical violence, self rated health, and morbidity: is gender significant for victimisation?, Journal of Epidemiology Community Health, 58, 1. p.65(6). Shepherd, J, Sutherland, I, Newcombe, R (August 2006)., Relations between alcohol, violence and victimization in adolescence., Journal of Adolescence, 29, 4. p.539-553. Holt, M K, Finkelhor, D., Kantor, G. K. (May 2007). Multiple victimization experiences of urban elementary school students: associations with psychosocial functioning and academic performance., Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 5. p.503(13). Chadee, D., Austen, L., Ditton, J. (Jan 2007). The relationship between likelihood and fear of criminal victimization: evaluating risk sensitivity as a mediating concept., British Journal of Criminology, 47, 1. p.133(21). Tseloni, A., Pease, K. (Nov 2004). Repeat personal victimization: random effects, event dependence and unexplained heterogeneity., British Journal of Criminology, 44, 6. p.931(15). Newburn, T., Rock, P. (Summer 2006)., Urban homelessness, crime and victimisation in England., International Review of Victimology, 13, 2. p.121-156. Finkelhor, D., Hamby, S L, Ormrod, R., Turner, H. (April 2005). The Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire: reliability, validity, and national norms., Child Abuse and Neglect, 29, 4. p.383(30). Schafer, J A, Huebner, B M, Bynum, T S (May-June 2006). Fear of crime and criminal victimization: gender-based contrasts., Journal of Criminal Justice, 34, 3. p.285(17). Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R K, Turner, H A (Jan 2007). Poly-victimization: a neglected component in child victimization, Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 1. p.7(20). WH Auden’s classic elegy of his contemporary WB Yeats has withstood the test of time. Even after five decades of its first publication, the poem is fresh in its invocation of feelings of loss and suffering. The loss and suffering are so much at the deceased artist and the cessation of his work, but more pointedly at the larger lamentation of the futility of poetry as an instrument of social change. This is one area where Auden transgresses the traditional elegy form. Auden’s work is atypical of the elegy genre in many other ways. Firstly, he makes no attempt to praise the object of his attention. Nor does he overtly express a sensation of loss at the demise of the artist. Instead, Auden uses the scaffolding of the three part elegy form in putting forth his observations on the nature of poetry. Although it is a fairly pessimistic viewpoint it does not lack in merit. Using the imagery in a redemptive fashion, the elegy â€Å"begins in a frozen landscape, as .

How the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn Were Named

How the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn Were Named The Tropic of Cancer was named because at the time of its naming, the sun was positioned in the Cancer constellation during the  June solstice. Likewise, the Tropic of Capricorn was named because the sun was in the constellation Capricorn during the  December solstice. The naming took place about 2000 years ago, and the sun is no longer in those constellations at that time of year.  At the June solstice, the  Sun  is in Taurus, and at the December solstice, the sun is in Sagittarius. Why the Tropics Are Important Geographic features like the equator are reasonably straightforward, but the Tropics can be confusing. The Tropics were marked off because they are both places within the hemisphere where it is possible to have the sun directly overhead. This was an important distinction for ancient travelers who used the heavens to guide their way. In an age  when our smartphones know  where we are at all times, its hard to imagine how hard getting around used to be. For much of human history, the position of the sun and stars was often all explorers and traders had to navigate by.   Where the Tropics Are The Tropic of Capricorn can be found at latitude 23.5 degrees south. The Tropic of Cancer is at 23.5 degrees north. The equator is the circle where the sun can be found directly overhead at noon.   What the Major Circles of Latitude Are Circles of latitude are an abstract east and west circle that connects all places on Earth. Latitude and longitude are used as addresses for every part of the globe. On maps  latitude  lines are horizontal, and longitude lines are vertical. There is an infinite  number of latitude circles on earth. Arcs of latitude are sometimes used to define the boundary between countries that lack distinctive geographic borders like mountain ranges or deserts. There are five major circles of latitude. Arctic CircleTropic of CancerEquatorTropic of CapricornAntarctic Circle Living in the Torrid Zone The circles of latitude also serve to mark the boundaries between the geographical zones. The zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic  of Cancer is known as the Torrid Zone.  In the United States, this area is more commonly known as the tropics. This area comprises almost forty  percent of the globe. It is projected that by the year 2030, half of the global population will live in this area. When one considers the climate of the tropics its easy to see why so many people want to live there.   The tropics are known for their lush green vegetation  and moist climate. Average  temperatures range from warm to hot year round. Many places in the tropics experience rainy seasons which range from one to several months of consistent rainfall. Incidents of malaria tend to rise during rainy seasons. Some areas in the tropics such as the Sahara desert or Australian outback are defined as dry rather than tropical.

Consistent Style Sheet Eliminates Value Judgments

Consistent Style Sheet Eliminates Value Judgments Consistent Style Sheet Eliminates Value Judgments Consistent Style Sheet Eliminates Value Judgments By Maeve Maddox One of our readers, Pankaj, has asked for clarification on the posting called The Gentleman Fled on Foot. Was I addressing a matter of diction, or was I advocating the denial of respect for persons in unfortunate circumstances? Some publications and newsrooms have a policy of referring to people by surname only, once the full name has been mentioned. Others have a policy of adding the honorific to the surname every timeor for a set number of timesafter the full name has been mentioned. In either case, I see no problem. When a policy is in place, the writer knows whether to use Mr/Ms/Rev/Dr with the surname, or to go with plain Jones. My post was concerned with a practice that Ive observed often enough to regard it as a trend. Apparently many news sources have no set policy because they sometimes refer to people by surname only, and sometimes with the honorific plus surname. I first became aware of this strange practice several years ago when my dissertation adviser was murdered in his campus office. Ill call the professor Jones, and the man who killed him Smith. One of the articles published in a local paper, having named both men in the lead, went on for several columns to refer to the professor, who had a Ph.D. and was usually called Dr. Jones, as Jones, but referred to the other man as Mr. Smith each time he was mentioned. It could be that the tendency to be super-polite when talking about criminals grows from the knowledge that anyone who has yet to be convicted must be referred to as an alleged whatever. Perhaps writers who call bank robbers gentlemen are just being cautious. I dont know. In any case, the question forced me to look at why this inconsistency of diction bothers me. Ive had to conclude that Mr. Pankaj is a more accepting person than I am. In the absence of a style sheet rule, Id be inclined to leave off the Mr. when it comes to perpetrators of the more horrid crimes. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in"Do you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?People vs. Persons

Aker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Aker - Essay Example xample in the case of a sales manager, the head department has given the sales manager the authority to sell the products of the company, but then eventually the head department has decided to put an end to the authority that was previously given without giving information to the customers. In this scenario the sales manager still has apparent authority, since the basis of apparent authority is the consumer’s assumption of who has the authority and not the current relationship status of a principal and an agent (Rasmusen, 2004, p. 5). Aker has served a total of 200 clients that is from the start up to his final day at Potters agency. The agency was then abolished at the same year of Akers termination. Since the 200 clients to whom Aker has rendered his services do not have an idea that he and the agency no longer exist, Potter is now burdened with the responsibility to handle future complaints, but that will only happen if Aker continues to do business with the 200 clients despite the fact that he is no longer connected with the agency. Potter stopped from creating any arguments towards any agreements or transactions made by Aker, not unless Potter will inform the clients that Aker no longer has the authority to act in behalf of the agency, and that the agency has already been terminated. The clients (third party) are only allowed to ask Potter (the principal) to compensate for the losses if it was a result of Potters negligence to inform them of Akers (agent) termination. It does not make the agreement in a contract null and void as it only refers to the principal’s responsibility to pay for the damages, but the clients may only claim for damages if there is ratification or when the principal affirms to an agreement that is entered into by one who no longer has the authority to do it, as in the case of Aker (Rasmusen, 2004, p. 22-25). Pete Principal instructs Al Agent, his employee, to repossess some property owned by Ted Turner. Al knows that the

Sustainable water in Austrialia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sustainable water in Austrialia - Assignment Example e center of water administration turned from expansionary objectives and expansive scale designing ventures to economic productivity and ecological concerns. Topic Sentence 3: Green growth portrays a procedure for practical financial advancement that perceives the interrelationship, whats more, between reliance of components of the environment, economy, and society as an entirety. Cities can be outlined as water supply catchments where urban rainwater gets to be a piece of the supply in water-delicate urban areas (Smith, Vromen, & Cook, 2012). Water utilized for urban watering system and watering parks and road trees has a vital part in enhancing the liveability of Cities by cooling the urban environment (diminishing the warmth island impact) and along these lines decreasing vitality interest for cooling. Investment choices by water powers ought to be in light of adjusted social, monetary and natural examination, educated by sound logical exhortation and actualized through straightforward and contestable methods. Adoption of changes implied in the states and domains dedication to the National Water Initiative, furthermore, all the more as of late asked by the Productivity Commission, would go far to enhancing Australias gainfulness and setting the way for a green development economy in the water and related

The effect of reactant concentration Essay Example for Free

The effect of reactant concentration Essay Then pour the amount of Sodium Thiosulfate using a measuring cylinder to the conical flask, the amount will vary depending on the sample. 4. Rinse the measuring cylinder in water under the tap to clean it of excess sodium thiosulfate. 5. Pour the water from the measuring cylinder into the conical flask (already containing the Sodium Thiosulfate), the amount of water will vary depending on the sample. 6. Draw a cross on a blank piece of paper. 7. Place the conical flash containing the water and Sodium Thiosulfate mixture directly on top of the cross on the paper. 8. Collect 5 ml of Hydrochloric Acid using the clean measuring cylinder. 9. Keep the stop watch ready to time the reaction time once the Hydrochloric Acid is added to the conical flask. 10. Transfer all of the 5 mL of Hydrochloric Acid into the conical flask and swirl the conical flask to start the reaction and begin timing. 11. Stop timing and record the time taken, when you can no longer see the cross drawn on the paper. 12. Repeat steps 2-11 for each sample while changing the some of the variants. Variables: Independent Variable: The variable that changes in the investigation is the amount of Sodium Thiosulfate in the solution. Â  Dependent Variable For this experiment the measured variable is the time taken for the reaction to conclude. This was measured in seconds. Â  Controlled Variables: o The amount of water in solution this was added to ensure that 50 mL of mixture was contained within the flask for each sample case. o Temperature o Amount of Hydrochloric acid 5 mL each time. Results: We observed that when the HCL was added into the conical flask that a murky perception formed in the solution thus the clear solution turned unclear. This can be explained by the following chemical reaction taking place; 2HCL (aq) + Na2S2O (aq) S(s) + SO2 (g) + H2O The table below captures the results we obtained; Table 1 Sample 2M HCL Amount of Na2S2O Amount of H2O Concentration of Na2S2O Time mL mL mL M Sec Graph 1 Graph 2 Discussion: By collecting the results from the investigation we were able to come to a conclusion on the affects of varying the amount of Na2S2O and water has on the reaction of a solution. Graph 1 and Table 1 above shows the amount of Na2S2O and the amount of water in each sample. This graph also shows the time taken for the reaction to finish, this being the time when we could no longer see the cross on the paper below the conical flask due to the solution becoming too murky in colour. It can be observed by looking at Graph 1 that, the lower the amount of Na2S2O that is present in the solution, the longer the time taken for the reaction to finish. This occurs because there is a reduced amount of Na2S2O concentration present in the mixture which can react with the HCL. This can also be seen in Graph 2 which shows the relationship between the amounts of Na2S2O concentration to the time required for the reaction to finish. Graph 1 also shows that the greater the amount of water present in the solution the longer it takes for the reaction to finish as the concentration of Na2S2O to HCL is further diluted. Thus it can be concluded that our results support the hypothesis; that more concentrated solutions react faster than diluted solutions do. The affect on the reaction rate when varying the amount of water and Na2S2O is that; more concentrated the Na2S2O and HCL mixture is, the faster the reaction occurs, i.e. the less water that is present to dilute the mixture the faster the reaction occurs. Evaluation: Overall the investigation was completed successfully and we achieved our aim of investigating how a change in the concentration of a reactant affects that rate of a chemical reaction. There are a number of factors that can be changed and controlled so that to improve the accuracy of the results. The following things done in the future will help to ensure that more reliable data is obtained; Using a rubber stopper in the conical flask: when the HCL was transferred into the conical flask, gas escaped form the top of the flask. If in future tests, this gas was trapped inside the flask with the use of a stopper the reaction may have completed faster. Â  Reducing human error: Starting the timer at the same time in all the reactions would have helped to increase the accuracy of the results. The timer should have been started either once the full amount of HCL was transferred in the conical flask or should have started when the pouring started. Another variable which could have been controlled was the number of times the conical flask was swirled after the HCL was added. This would have further helped with the accuracy of the data if all the samples were swirled at the same speed and the same number of times. Â  Using distilled water: this would ensure that the water is pure There might have also been errors with reading the scales on the measuring cylinder as we were reading these to the best of our ability. To be certain that the exact amount of solution was added an electronic weighing scale could have been used.

Use of the Epigraph in George Eliots Middlemarch Essay -- Eliot Middl

Use of the Epigraph in George Eliot's Middlemarch The epigraph is an unusual, though not uncommon, form of citation. It is a part of the text yet distinct from it. White space and specialized formatting, such as italics, separate the epigraph from the main text, thereby challenging the reader to determine the relationship between the two. Unlike a typical quotation, which dwells in the midst of the text, illuminating one point in the argument, the epigraph's unique positioning prior to the body of the text highlights particular ideas, words, or images and thereby guides the reading of the entire argument. In essence, its shadow falls across and affects the reading of the text it precedes. This shadow looms large because it is formed not only by the body of the epigraph but also by the scholar, philosopher, or poet, and textual source from which it is taken. Like all citations, the epigraph creates an intertextuality and a dialogue with another author. The heuristic function of the epigraph may seem relatively simple when looking at a journal article that begins w...

Ethics and Religion

ABSTRACT. Although it seems that ethics and religion should be related, past research suggests mixed conclusions on the relationship. We argue that such mixed results are mostly due to methodological and conceptual limitations. We develop hypotheses linking Cornwall et al.
s (1986, Review of Religious Research, 27(3): 266–244) religious components to individuals
willingness to justify ethically suspect behaviors. Using data on 63,087 individuals from 44 countries, we find support for three hypotheses: the cognitive, one affective, and the behavioral component of religion are negatively related to thics. Surprisingly, one aspect of the cognitive component (i. e. , belief in religion) shows no relationship. Implications for research and practice are discussed. KEY WORDS: religion, ethics, cross-national study Introduction The link between religion and ethics seems obvious (Tittle and Wlech, 1983; Weaver and Agle, 2002). Religions, through the values they embody, often build th e basis for what is considered right and wrong (Turner, 1997). Religion produces both formal and informal norms and provides people with a freedom/constraint duality by prescribing behaviors ithin some acceptable boundaries (Fararo and Skvoretz, 1986). Such norms, values, and beliefs are often codified into a religious code such as the Bible or the Koran. In Christian religions, for instance, the Ten Commandments provide a broad basis of codified ethical rules that believing Christians must K. Praveen Parboteeah (Ph. D. Washington State University) is an Associate Professor of International Management in the Department of Management, University of Wisconsin – Whitewater. Parboteeah
s research interests include international management, ethics, religion and technology and nnovation management. He has published articles in numerous academic journals including Academy of Management Journal, Organization Science, Decision Sciences, Small Group Research, Journal of Business Ethics , Journal of World Business, Management International Review, International Journal of Human Resource Management, R&D Management and Journal of Engineering and Technology Management. Martin Hoegl (Ph. D. University of Karlsruhe, Germany) is Professor at WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management, where he holds the Chair of Leadership and Human Resource Management. Before joining WHU, he served on the faculties of Washington State University and Bocconi University (Milan, Italy). His research interests include leadership and collaboration in organizations, management of R&D personnel, knowledge creation in innovation processes, and the management of geographically dispersed collaboration. He has published in leading international journals, including the Academy of Management Journal, Organization Science, the Journal of Management, Decision Sciences, and others. John B. Cullen is Professor of Management at Washington State University. He has also served on the faculties of the University of Nebraska, the University of Rhode Island, Waseda and Keio Universities in Japan (as a Fulbright lecturer), and the Catholic University of Lille in France. Professor Cullen is the past president of the Western Academy of Management. Professor Cullen is the author or co-author of four books and over 60 journal articles. His publications have appeared in journals such as Administrative Science Quarterly, Academy of Management Journal, Journal of International Business Studies, Journal of Management, Organizational Studies, Management International Review, Journal of Vocational Behavior, American Journal of Sociology, Organizational Dynamics, and the Journal of World Business. He currently serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies and has served on the editorial boards of the Academy of Management Journal and Advances in International Comparative Management Journal. Journal of Business Ethics (2008) 80:387–398
Springer 2007 DOI 10. 1007/s10551-007-9439-8 follow in order to actualize what they believe in (e. g. , salvation). In turn, through daily exposure to orms, customs, laws, scripts, and practices, religions impart societal members with values and produce expectational bonds or ‘‘reciprocal expectations of predictability’’ (Field, 1979) that eventually become taken for granted. Such values often provide guides for what are considered ethical behaviors for most of the world
s religions (Fisher, 2001). Furthermore, in societies where one or few rel igions are dominant, the overarching core values of these religions are likely to be mirrored in secular values of society (codified law or non-codified social norms), which regulate everyday activity and thical behavior. However, despite the above conceptual tie between religions and ethics, research has provided mixed conclusions on the relationship (Tittle and Welch, 1983; Weaver and Agle, 2002). For instance, some studies have found no difference between religious and non-religious individuals on unethical behaviors such as dishonesty and cheating (e. g. , Hood et al. , 1996; Smith et al. , 1975), while a negative relationship was found between use of illegal substances and individual religiousness (Khavari and Harmon, 1982). The results are no more definitive for studies linking religions to usiness ethics. For instance, Kidwell et al. (1987) found no relationship between religiosity and ethical judgments of managers while Agle and Van Buren (1999) found a small positive relati onship between religious beliefs and corporate social responsibility. Furthermore, even studies linking marketing ethics with religiousness have found insignificant results (Vitell and Paolillo, 2003), whereby religiosity was found unrelated to consumer ethics. Taken together, the above supports Hood et al.
s (1996: 341) view of research between religion and ethics as ‘‘something f a roller coaster ride’’ and the difficulty to reach definitive conclusions about the relationship (Weaver and Agle, 2002). We, however, believe that the mixed results are mostly due to the following conceptual and methodological issues. First, most studies tend to consider only unidimensional conceptualizations of religion, such as church attendance or religious affiliations (e. g. , Agle and Van Buren, 1999; Schwartz and Huisman, 1995). However, De Jong et al.
s (1976) empirical test of the multidimensional view of religion clearly shows that ‘‘religion seems far t oo complex an arena of human behavior – as iverse and heterogeneous as human behavior – not to include many different and unrelated types of variables’’ (Dittes, 1969: 618). Therefore, it seems important to consider more multidimensional measures of religiosity to get a richer understanding of the relationship between ethics and religiosity. Second, even those studies that have considered multiple dimensions have done so without regard for conceptual support for the choice of their dimensions (e. g. , Agle and Van Buren, 1999). In addition, some studies have even included numerous dimensions and chosen those dimensions hat fit their results (e. g. , Conroy and Emerson, 2004). We believe that it is crucial to consider theoretical models that guide the choice of dimensions. Third, most studies have considered only one religion (e. g. , Angelidis and Ibrahim, 2004; Conroy and Emerson, 2004). Given the similarities of what is considered ethical behavior by th e major world religions (Fisher, 2001), we suggest considering cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of religiosity (rather than specific religious denominations) as predictors of ethics. Fourth, Weaver and Agle (2002) argue that many f the ethical measures have been attitudinal and may thus suffer from social desirability biases. It is therefore important to consider measures that do not elicit socially desirable responses. Finally, many studies have emphasized narrow, and for this subject matter, peculiar samples of undergraduate and MBA students (e. g. , Angelidis and Ibrahim, 2004; Conroy and Emerson, 2004; Kidwell et al. , 1987). Thus, in addition to issues of generalizability to wider populations, Tittle and Welch (1983) have also warned that student samples should be viewed with skepticism given the role of eligion at such ages. Research is needed using more comprehensive samples that target representative populations in terms of age and culture. Given the above, we investigate the relationships between multiple dimensions of religion and ethics. We use data from the World Values Survey (WVS) (2000) to examine how specific dimensions of religion (Weaver and Agle, 2002) are related to ethics and thus incorporate multiple religious denominations and multiple facets of the Kidwell, J. M. , R. E. Stevens and A. L. Bethke: 1987, Differences in the Ethical Perceptions Between Male

Battle of Stalingrad

The battle of Stalingrad was one of the biggest, cruellest and most important battles of the World War II. The city was called in the name of Stalin, the leader of the Red Army and if the Germans captured it would be great propaganda for them and it would decrease the Russian morale, so Stalin made his army fight until death. Also if the Germans took control of Stalingrad, then the way to Moscow would be open and the Germans might win the war. The city also controlled a lot of crucial water and rail communications with the rest of Russia.After the fail of the Operation Barbarossa, Adolf Hitler began a new offensive in June 1942. General Frederich Paulus, the commander of the 6th German army got an order to invade Stalingrad. The city controlled a lot of rail and water communications. In the summer of 1942 Paulus sent an army of 250000 men, 500 tanks, 7000 artillery guns and 25000 horses. The progress was slow, because there was a lack of supplies until the 7th August 1942. By the end of the month the army killed or captured around 50000 USSR soldiers. At around 35 miles left till Stalingrad the fuel supplies stopped again. When the supplies came the progress continued but Paulus was conserving the fuel, so he only sent his 14th Panzer corps. The Red Army was now giving more resistance and the Germans were forced to stop just outside of Stalingrad. Paulus ordered to delay the attack until the 7th September because his north flank was under attack. While he was waiting the Luftwaffe bombed the city. The USSR suffered lots of civilian casualties and most of the city was reduced to rubble. Stalin brought most of the Russian army together, even from Siberia. Millions of soldiers were in Stalingrad now defending the most important part of Russia. More and more soldiers were needed as more and more German tanks and planes attacked. General Georgi Zhukov the Russian military that was yet not defeated in a single battle was put in charge of the Stalingrad defence. As the Germans progressed through the city the Red Army was fighting for every single building the further the advance was the more casualties each side suffered. The German tanks were not much use in street battles and most of the fighting was done with sniper rifles, machineguns and hand grenades. Germans had problems with very well and cleverly camouflaged Russian artillery and machinegun nests. The Red Army also used sniper squads, which were based in the ruins, particularly well. On the 26th September the 6th German army was able to put their flag up over the Red Square of Stalingrad, but the street fight continued. Adolf Hitler ordered Frederich Paulus to take Stalingrad at any cost, but General Kurt Zeitzler, the Chief of General Staff was critically against continuing the attack and asked Hitler to let the German army leave Stalingrad. Hitler denied it and said to the German people on the radio: â€Å"You can be sure, that no one will ever be able to push us out of Stalingrad†. When General Gustav von Wietersheim, the commander of the 14th Panzer division was complaining about great losses at the front, Paulus replaced him with General Hans Hube. Paulus, however, who lost 40000 men entering the city, was short on soldiers and on the 4th October 1942 begged Hitler for reinforcements. A few days later five engineer battalions and a tank division came to Stalingrad. On the 19th October snow replaced rain as Paulus still tried to progress despite the harsh conditions. In November he controlled about 90% of the city, but he was running out of men and supplies. Despite that Paulus planned another big offensive on the 10th November. His army received great casualties in the next two days and the Red Army knowing what happened launched a counterattack and Paulus was forced back south. When he reached the Gumrak airfield Adolf Hitler ordered Paulus to slowdown and resist the Russians. He also promised that the Luftwaffe would supply his army via air. The Paulus’ High Officers were sure that the Russian winter airspace would restrict the air supplying. All the battalion commanders were saying that a successful counterattack was the only option, but Paulus restricted his moves to Hitler’s orders. During the December the Luftwaffe dropped 70 tonnes of supplies a day, but the surrounded German army needed about 300 tonnes a day. All the soldiers only had a third of the normal food portion a day and they also started killing their horses for meat. By the 7th December the 6th army was living on one loaf of bread per five men. The army was about to surrender because of hunger when Hitler ordered the 4th army to launch a rescue operation. The 4th army only had 30 miles until the city, when the Russians stopped them. By 27th December 1942 the 4th army was also surrounded by the Red Army. In about a month over 28000 German soldiers died. Because of the food shortage Erich von Manstein ordered to stop feeding the 12000 useless injured men. Then he wanted to make a massive breakthrough and run away, but his men were too weak to do that and the idea was scrapped. 30th January 1943 Adolf Hitler made Paulus a field marshal, and sent him a message saying that none German field marshals were captured yet and suggested to commit suicide. Paulus stood strong and preferred to surrender to the Russians. The last of the Germans surrendered on the 2d February 1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was over. More than 91000 men were captured, and 150000 men died during the siege. All the German prisoners were sent to Siberia and 45000 of them died on the way there. Only 7000 German survived the war. Battle of Stalingrad The Battle of Stalingrad was the bloodiest battle in the Second World War and marked one of its few major turning points. It was certainly the most decisive battle in the â€Å"Great Patriotic War† or the Second World War on the Eastern front. The battle lasted from 13 September 1942 until the final German surrender on 2 February 1943. A few months earlier, the Russian Red Army seemed to be on the verge of complete defeat and Hitler's evil war machine seemed irresistible.Though the German retreat from Moscow nine months earlier brought a much needed respite to the Russians, it did not bring any real hope. At Stalingrad, however, the tide turned dramatically. In the titanic struggle that raged on the shores of the River Volga, the German Wehrmacht faced a crushing and humiliating defeat from which it never managed to recover. To the Germans, Stalingrad was the single most catastrophic defeat ever, surpassing the annihilation of Prussian Army in the hands of Napoleon at Jena-Aue rstadt in 1806.To the Russians, it was more than their greatest battle victory ever, it represented a great symbol of hope, the triumph of Russian spirit over the most gruesome adversity that had fallen on them since the German invasion in June 1941. The War on the Eastern Front was a particularly brutal and destructive war, even by Second World War standards, unprecedented in its ferocity and lack of any moral constraint. This barbarized warfare exacted an immense death toll of 27-28 million people on the Soviet side, a majority of them being civilians.According to one estimate, each minute of this war cost 9-10 lives, each hour 587, each day 14,000 for a total of 1,418 days. The unleashing of the â€Å"naked power of evil† that Hitler stood for resulted in untold pain and inconsolable grief for the people of Soviet Union, but it also provoked their indomitable fighting spirit that eventually led them to a great triumph. That fighting spirit fully asserted itself at Stalingr ad. However, more than Russian valor, the chief cause for the Russian victory at Stalin was Hitler’s ineptness.Stalin – the biggest enemy of the Red ArmyIn the summer of 1941, the Soviet Red Army was the largest in the world, but nowhere close to being the mightiest. It had significant weaknesses. Just a year or two earlier it had been humiliated by the Finnish army in the Russo-Finnish War. The chief reason for the debilitated condition of the Red Army was the ruthless purging undertaken by Stalin in late 1930s. A devastatingly large number of officers (estimated around 35,000), many of them belonging to the top echelons, were killed.Only a handful of capable commanders such as Zhukov, Rokossovsky, Chuikov, Malinovsky and Eremenko were spared to execute the Great Patriotic War. Thus weakened, the Soviet army initially presented no effective opposition to the German onslaught in mid-1941. The Germans considered the Red army ill-suited to modern, mechanized warfare, so much so that Hitler did not think twice about opening a major offensive in the Eastern Front while simultaneously engaged on the Western Front with England and the Allies.The Red Army was in fact very well equipped, but was reeling under the loss of most of its experienced and far-sighted leaders in the Great Purge (Zaloga & Volstad 3). Added to the continuing executions, there was paralyzing political interference. As a result of which, though it was well known that German army was headed towards Moscow, the Red Army was surprisingly unprepared. Its preparedness was indeed inexplicably but deliberately mitigated through political directives from Stalin. The invasion order of Hitler's Directive No.21, of 18 December 1940 decreed Operation Barbarossa, which was ‘to crush Soviet Russia in a rapid campaign'. Hitler intended for the Soviet Union to be destroyed and replaced by a group of colonies that would function under the Third Reich (Hoyt 35). By mid-May of 1941, Germany was all set to launch a vicious attack on the Soviet soil. The growing German deployments along the western borders of the Soviet Union were apparent, yet not until June 21, just one day before the actual German invasion commenced, were the border military districts alerted (Horner & Jukes 24).Launched on 22 June 1941, Operation Barbarossa was the largest single military operation of all time. The number of troops involved, the scale of the operations, and the cruelty of German soldiers were all of appalling proportions. At the outset of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet military were hopelessly unprepared for the chaos and turmoil of war. The ruthless speed of the German advance struck fear and panic in the Soviet people.The road to StalingradThe Nazi army swiftly conquered vast areas of territory, killing and capturing hundreds of thousands of troops, pillaging, plundering and massacring civilian populations.The Soviets retreated, and managed to move most of their heavy industry awa y from the front line, re-establishing it in more remote areas. Smolensk and Kiev fell in September. Leningrad was under siege. Over one million people died in Leningrad due to starvation and cold. The Germans were unstoppable; by October, they seemed to have broken their adversary on the Eastern Front. The German Army marched relentlessly on the road to Moscow, blazing a trail of destruction, murder and mayhem on its path. Hitler proudly declared, â€Å"The enemy has been routed and will never regain his strength† (Gilbert 242).But Russia would not give up so easily. As the extent and reality of the German atrocities became widely known throughout Russia, the will to resist stiffened and the â€Å"patriotic war† became in reality a ‘people's war', but the cost to soldier and civilian alike was horrendous. ((Erickson & Erickson 72). As winter set in, tenacious defense prevented the Germans from capturing Moscow. However, the Russians found a surprising ally. The Germany army was ill-equipped to withstand the freezing severity of the Russian winter and was considerably weakened.The Soviets launched their first counter-attack on December 11, 1941. However, almost a year had to pass before the tide began to turn during the second phase of the Great Patriotic War. With the 1942-43 winter struggle at Stalingrad (along with the crushed German summer offensive at Kursk in 1943), the Soviet Union would consolidate its position and stand as a formidable adversary. The Battle of Stalingrad would mark the end of the German advance, and Soviet reinforcements in great numbers would gradually push the German armies back. 3. Stalingrad in 1941: a prime objectiveStalingrad, originally knownn as Tsaritsyn, had been a prosperous trading town on the Volga during the 19th century. During the Russian Civil War of 1918-21, the Reds had triumphed decisively at Tsaritsyn. Though Stalin's contribution to the Reds' success was not very significant, Stalin named the city after himself when he achieved supreme power in 1925. Subsequently, Stalin's role in the victory of 1920 was enhanced through propaganda, and soon it was Stalin was officially recognized for his crucial role in both the October Revolution of 1917 and triumph of 1927.Thus, Stalingrad came to be strongly associated with Stalin and Russian Revolution, a fact that added an important psychological dimension in showdown between Hitler's and Stalin's forces in the battle of Stalingrad. By 1941, Stalingrad was a city of 600,000 people. It had played an important role in Stalin's industrial drive of the 1930s and is location on the Volga ensured that it was a significant player in the Soviet war economy. Hitler had set his sight on Stalingrad because it was a valuable political, economic, communications and psychological objective.From the Soviet perspective, Stalingrad was important not only as a major industrial center but also as the major connecting point to any operations in the Ca ucasus.Hitler – the Red Army’s biggest allyThe disaster for Germans at Stalingrad did not bring about immediate defeat of Germany, but, after February, 1943, few German officers genuinely believed in victory. The confidence of Hitler himself could not be shaken so easily, of course, one would think. The defeat at Stalingrad drastically widened the rupture of trust between Hitler and the army high command, which began at the battle of Moscow in December 1941.The German defeat at Stalingrad in February 1943 was a heavy psychological blow to the Wehrmacht and to the Germany people who were accustomed to victory. It raised the first widespread doubts about Hitler's leadership and the ability of Germany to win the war. After Stalingrad, Hitler himself was rarely seen in public and his outward behavior became relatively muted. In the mid-1942 the Germany army had already seemed to be in a more subdued condition as compared to its irrepressible aggressiveness an year ago.The new Fall Blau (Case Blue) offensive was intended to be a resumption of the stalled invasion of Russia. Despite Hitler's optimism, the 1941 Campaign — which opened along a 2,000 kilometer front and involved 148 combat divisions — failed to shatter Russia â€Å"to its roots with one blow. â€Å"†¦ The summer campaign of 1942, although still immense, was necessarily less ambitious. (Hayward 7) Overriding his generals, Hitler gave the offensive two separate objectives on 90-degree divergent axes — the Caucasus oilfields and the Volga crossing at Stalingrad.Fall Blau was deeply flawed by ambiguity of strategic aim. Further, Hitler's amateurish attempts to control the deployment of his forces and his opportunistic changes of mind played an important part in compromising the campaign. For Hitler, Stalingrad had become the main objective of German effort; it was an obsession. Hitler was an amateurish strategist with an unshakeable faith in his own genius, which n o facts from the real world could really affect. His campaigns were foredoomed by grand-strategic misjudgment, a prime example of which is his ‘no retreat' policy in Russian from Stalingrad to Berlin.In Hitler's view the summer offensive of 1942 should bring about a final decision in the Russian campaign with the capture of Stalingrad on the Volga and Astrakhan on the Caspian Sea, and by occupying the oilfields in the Caucasus. The outskirts of Stalingrad were reached in August 1942, with the Germany forces already weakened, but the battle stuck in street and house-to-house fighting. Hitler's front commanders did realize how much of a gamble the offensives towards Stalingrad and the Caucasus were.They harbored fears about the strengths of the Russian reserves, and the weakness of the diverging German thrusts, dependent as they were for flank protection on the ill-equipped armies of Hungary, Italy and Romania. Most of them felt that Hitler's tendency to underestimate the Russia ns was becoming dangerous. His leadership displayed a total lack of any understanding of the command machinery and its function. Colonel-General von Kleist warned Hitler against using the Hungarians, Italians and Romanians as flank protectors for the 6th Army during its struggle for Stalingrad, but the Fuhrer would not listen.The Stalingrad catastrophe – a German perspectiveThe battle at Stalingrad was a vicious, close-quarter, street fighting. The 6th Army, commanded by Paulus, slogged on street by street, its flank protection entrusted by Hitler to Romanian troops. Paulus's units were decimated at the rate of 20,000 casualties a week. By the end of October, however, only one tenth of Stalingrad still held out, in the north of the city. But the balance of strength was changing. The earlier German superiority had gone. Stalingrad was the first priority for Russian reserves.Sufficient Russian troops were sent into the city to keep the fight going on there. As more Soviet troop s were sent into the city, the fighting began to be a block-by-block slogging match, moving back and forth in bloody fighting. Heavy losses for both sides characterized the street fighting. In early November, the winter came. The temperatures would soon reach thirty below zero. In the middle of that month, Hitler sent Paulus a message urging one last effort to complete the capture of Stalingrad. By mid-November the Russians were strong enough to undertake a major offensive.They had eleven armies, several mechanized, cavalry and tank corps, 900 tanks, 1,115 aircraft for the offensive. The were all set to destroy the German forces at Stalingrad (Hoyt 160). Generals Zhukov and Chuikov directed the defense of Stalingrad. Eremenko was also sent to command the Stalingrad front. Hitler staked more and more on Stalingrad’s capture, but Chuikov's 62 Army refused to yield. On 19 November 1942, the Russian counter-strike forces under Zhukov smashed through the Romanians and on 22 Novemb er completed their encirclement of Paulus's 6th Army.On November 23 Moscow announced triumphantly that Russian forces had a great victory in the bend of the Don, and that the Germans were now entrapped in Stalingrad. That news convulsed the world†¦ By November 28 the iron ring around Stalingrad had closed. (Hoyt 205) This was when a new deteriorating phase opened in Hitler's relations with his generals — that of his utter refusal to face the realities of defeat, of inferior sources, and of the limits to even the German Soldier’s powers of endurance and fighting skill.Hitler saw himself as an infallible military genius and blamed the incompetence and lack of willpower of his generals, or their disloyalty to their fuehrer, for all the failures of the German army on its bitter path back to Berlin in the aftermath of Stalingrad. The Russian attacks fell on weakly held sectors north and south of the city, manned mainly by Romanian forces in the north and by a mixture o f further Romanians and units of the 4th Panzer Army in the south. The Russian plan was simply to encircle all of the German forces in the Stalingrad area.The Russians soon broke through the thin defenses, particularly in the north. The 6th Army at Stalingrad was in serious danger. Decisive action at that time could have saved the situation for the Germans, however. If some units were sent north and south to hold the Russians while the bulk of the 6th army withdrew from the ruins of Stalingrad, it would have been saved. The catastrophe that finally overtook German army at Stalingrad in February 1943 stemmed largely from Hitler's refusal to sanction an early break-out before the Russian ring could be consolidated.Hitler ordered Paulus and his men to remain in Stalingrad as a forward ‘fortress' until the following spring. When the Russians closed the ring on 23 November, Paulus was cut off. General von Seydlitz-Kurzbach, the most senior of the corps commanders at Stalingrad, urg ed Paulus to withdraw without delay before escape became impossible. But Paulus, obedient to his Fuehrer, refused to listen to him. From then on the Germans descended into catastrophe slowly. On January 8 1943 the Russians sent Paulus an ultimatum, offering the alternative of honorable surrender or complete annihilation.Consulting Hitler, Paulus refused to surrender again. The Russians continued their attack. They advanced from west to east, pressing the Germans back into the city. They captured half of the pocked in the first week and then again paused to demand surrender. Again, Paulus consulted Hitler and refused. As long as there was still some hope for at least part of 6th Army breaking out, von Manstein, who commanded the relief efforts, supported Hitler in insisting that Paulus must continue to resist.By 22 January, when the Russians had captured 6th Army’s only remaining airfield, Manstein supported Paulus's request for permission to surrender, which Hitler refused. B y the end of the month, it was nearly all over for Germans. Only a few units held out until February 1. On the 2 February 1943, the momentous battle of Stalingrad came to an end.ReferencesErickson, John & Erickson, Ljubica. â€Å"Hitler Versus Stalin: The Second World War on the Eastern Front in Photographs. † London : Carlton Books, 2004.Gilbert, Martin. â€Å"The Second World War: A Complete History.† New York : Henry Holt and Company, 1989.Hayward, Joel S. A. â€Å"Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East, 1942-1943. † Lawrence, KS : University of Kansas Press, 2001.Horner, D. M. & Jukes, Geoffrey. â€Å"The Second World War (5) The Eastern Front 1941-1945. † Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2002.Hoyt, Edwin P. â€Å"199 Days: The Battle for Stalingrad. † New York : Forge Books, 1993.Zaloga, Steven & Volstad, Ronald. â€Å"The Red Army of the Great Patriotic War 1941-45† (Men-at-Arms). Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 19 84.

Algae Biology Lab Report Essay Example

Algae Biology Lab Report Essay Example Algae Biology Lab Report Paper Algae Biology Lab Report Paper Theoretical Background: Plantlike Protests: commonly referred to as algae have organelles called chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll that help them carry out photosynthesis are authors therefore they use photosynthesis for nourishment there is 4 different phyla: solenoids, chromospheres, diatoms, and tintinnabulations these algae can be given a variety of colors because they have accessory pigments that absorb light Hypothesis: If organisms are in the kingdom Prosiest, then they share common structures. Materials: 3 microscope slides water 1 sample of Volvo 1 sample of euglena 1 sample of Spirogyra 3 cover slips 3 medicine droppers 1 microscope 1 piece of paper Procedure: 1. Using the first medicine dropper, take a sample of euglena and place it on the first microscope slide. 2. Place a cover slip over the sample of euglena and onto the slide. 3. Observe the euglena slide under the low power objective first. 4. Sketch the euglena and note observations. 5. Observe the euglena under the high power objective and note observations at this higher magnification. 6. Darken half of the viewing field by placing paper ever the microscopes light source or by rotating the diaphragm. 7. Prepare a wet slide mount for the sample of Spirogyra by repeating steps 1-2. 8. Observe the Spirogyra under scanning, low power and high power, then note the observations. 9. Sketch the Spirogyra. 10. Prepare a wet slide mount for the Volvo. 11. View the Volvo under scanning and low power. 12. Sketch the Volvo. Results: The drawings of the three samples of algae are stapled to this lab on a separate piece of paper. Analysis: Under the microscope, the Volvo appeared as small, light green spheres with spikes on them. It moved around in a quick, bouncy way, while rotating. The Spirogyra were long shapes with small blobs inside of them. The euglena was a blob shaped organism with smaller shapes inside of it. It moved slightly and slowly. We were able to identify the chloroplasts and the sexpot. Conclusion: The hypothesis was proven true. Organisms in the kingdom Prosiest share many common structures. First off, all protests are eukaryotic; therefore, they have a nucleus. Plantlike protests contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis. Some algal protests use tail-like flagella in order to move around their watery environment.

Put Adverbs in Their Place

Put Adverbs in Their Place Put Adverbs in Their Place Put Adverbs in Their Place By Mark Nichol When, how, or why something is done is expressed by an adverb, whose primary function is signaled by its name: Adverbs modify verbs (and sometimes other parts of speech more on that later). They appear more or less in proximity to the verb they modify, but their syntactical location can vary for diverse reasons. An adverb often follows a verb: â€Å"I stated the rule clearly,† but it can precede the verb (â€Å"I clearly stated the rule†) and even the subject (â€Å"Clearly, I stated the rule†). Note, however, that the latter form can be confusing: Does the sentence mean that I succeeded in my attempt at clarity, or is the sense that it is obvious that I stated the rule? The sentence, or one that precedes or follows it, must include context. Also, punctuation can change the meaning: â€Å"I stated the rule, clearly† differs in sense from â€Å"I stated the rule clearly.† (The version with the comma connotes that the writer believes that the fact is obvious.) And what if a sentence includes two or more verbs? Place the adverb to make it clear which verb it modifies: â€Å"She drove quickly to the store and selected a hat† (or, again, â€Å"She quickly drove . . .† or â€Å"Quickly, she drove . . .†) describes a lead-footed motorist, while â€Å"She drove to the store and selected a hat quickly† (or â€Å". . . quickly selected a hat†) suggests an impulsive, determined, or hurried shopper. Adverbs are applied to infinitives, which are verb phrases beginning with the word to. The pedantic admonishment against inserting is challenged in this previous post by another DailyWritingTips contributor; suffice it to say here that such sentence constructions as â€Å"He sought to successfully challenge the champion† (rather than the awkwardly hypercorrect â€Å"He sought to challenge successfully the champion†) are valid. Adverbs, curiously, also modify adjectives (themselves modifiers), prepositions, and even other adverbs. In â€Å"They were nearly correct,† for example, nearly modifies not the preceding verb were but the following adjective correct, and in â€Å"She and I met right on that corner† right modifies the prepositional phrase that follows, rather than the verb before it. â€Å"We quite rightly refused,† meanwhile, quite modifies its fellow adverb rightly. Adverbs change position depending on whether they are employed in declarative statements (â€Å"He really is that gullible†) or interrogative sentences (â€Å"Is he really that gullible?†). Also, they often have distinct meanings based on their position in a sentence; for examples, see the section â€Å"Misplaced Words† in this post. Some writing guides seem to give adverbs a bad rap, but read those resources carefully: The more sensible among them advise, as I do in this previous post about adverbs, hesitation in their employment only because their liberal use is often associated with limp verbs. And do take care to locate them correctly and effectively. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"Disappointed + PrepositionArtist vs. Artisan

Organizational Development in HRD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Development in HRD - Assignment Example Kindred is assigned the task by the president though she felt inadequate after meeting the gas company’s management and understanding their issues. However, despite her excuse to Larry not to be assigned the task, Larry fails to listen and she has no alternative than to do the work. Though challenging, she manages to provide successful long-term intervention to the client as intended through thorough preparation as well as with help from consulting ‘shadow’ friends after which she resigns from Larry’s organization. i. Kindred faces strategic dilemmas in the course of her placement with Larry are consulting organization. The interaction between Kindred and Larry when she feels insufficient to tackle the assignment leaves her in a position of either doing the assignment or quitting the job. The dilemma of coercion is depicted by the fact that Larry is not ready to have Kindred decide by herself on undertaking the assignment and she is left with no option but to do the assignment and fail or otherwise succeed. Technical ineptness dilemma occurs in this excerpt by having kindred, an OD practitioner present long-range intervention solution for a problem she has no skills in. This in fact forces her to invest higher in research as well as hire the expertise of a shadow practitioner in the intervention. Moreover, she faced the dilemma of value and goal conflict in that though the client (the gas company) thought that CQI was the ultimate effective tool to be employed for finding the long-range soluti on to the cost problems the company faced, Kindred was not conversant with the tool. It therefore emerged that Larry had ‘sold’ her out to the client as an expert in the use of the tool. Besides, Kindred actually ponders over a number of issues in regard to her suitability for the client and she actually quotes her dilemmas as being the dilemma of self, the dilemma of confidence as well as

Reflaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reflaction paper - Essay Example I will ask them about what they feel and think about this exchange of roles. Though many in China have been influenced heavily by western influences, the traditional structures of the family have remained intact along with the norms and culture. The traditional and modern Chinese families are the same in values and morals. The roles, statuses, culture and values remain the same despite rapidly changing technology, innovation. The Chinese still maintain very clear-cut roles, rights, values and moms for men and women. Though a few things have changed such as the freedom to choose one’s spouse, the same cultural values and taboos apply. The family values are still a heavy focus and are cherished, honored and respected. This is true in the modern, urban and rural environments. I do not see anything different in the western definition of wife from Judy Syfers â€Å"Why I want a wife†; description of the Chinese’s wife and the kind of wife she is describing in the west. Though Judy writes to complain and bemoan the â€Å"wife† in the we st it is atypical of the Chinese wife’s reality whether she lives in the west or in China. â€Å"I want a wife who will take care of all the social details of my life† (p.61) is universal. The expectations on gender roles are very conservative in Chinese culture. The relationship between a boy and a girl is expected to lead to marriage and is therefore expected to follow the rules of marriage. If a boy goes out to dinner with a girl then he is expected to pay for the dinner and not doing so will make him loose â€Å"face" and social status. This makes a person to be regarded as a poor dating candidate and so it was very hard for my boyfriend to accept for me to pay for the meal. I have never paid for my own meals in my life form my own savings. The money that I use for buying things is from my father and so even if he is not

Improving passenger safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Improving passenger safety - Essay Example The majority of road crashes are as a result of human error such as exceeding speed limit, ignoring traffic rules and safety systems such as seat belts among others. Improving passenger safety in cars is very important so as to reduce the injuries associated with car accidents. However, this alone will not assist in minimizing accident rates because improving car performance and increasing awareness of traffic rules among individuals will significantly help reducing the rate of car accidents. By increasing the car technical performance, vehicles safety and creating awareness on the same, we can definitely reduce the risk of car accidents and injuries. The purpose of this paper is to describe methods and practices that can improve car safety and reduce car accidents to save more passenger lives. Generally, there are various methods and practices that can be put in place to improve car safety and save many passengers from unnecessary accidents some of which include traffic rules and laws, engineering and traffic management among others (Bartley 14). The use of safety seat belt, airbags as well as routine car testing help in ensuring that vehicles provide a reasonable degree of car protection (â€Å"Autotech 95† 54). Arguably, improving passenger safety should be the first priority for every driver. The most effective way to guarantee passengers their safety is by being an attentive driver, that is, a good driver need to practice good driving habits because with these habits, they are more likely to avoid accidents. More so, they should ensure that all their safety systems are in order and functional. Today, automobiles are properly designed and well equipped with advanced safety features that are very useful in protecting passengers from serious injuries or even death in case of a car crash. It is always important to ensure that all these safety features are used correctly all the time. For instance, it is

Strategic Management Industry Structures And Dynamics Business Strategy Essay

Strategic Management Industry Structures And Dynamics Business Strategy Essay Introduction: Dell Company was founded in 1984 by Michael Dell. It is the worlds largest direct-sale computer vendor; Dell Inc. is now also the leading seller of computer systems in the world, capturing a global market share of more than 15 percent. Dell markets desktop personal computers, notebook computers, network servers, workstations, handheld computers, monitors, printers, high-end storage products, and a variety of computer peripherals and software. In this part I will use Porters Five Forces to analysis Dells great success in the industry. Force 1: The Degree of Rivalry. The PC industry consists of a number of companies; hence the threat from industry competitors is high. Due to the product being highly standardized and shifting costs between brands is low, there is fierce competition which leads to lower margins and profitability in the market. The PC industry can be described as a high competitive industry. For Dell the main competitors are IBM, Apple, HP, TOSHIBA, Gateway etc. Dell uses several strategies to reduce the competitive rivalry between existing players. Firstly Dell differentiated its sales from other competitors. Dell used the direct sales strategy since 1984. To sell PCs directly to consumers, by passing retail stores and system integrators and offering limited customer support but dramatically lower prices. For years, that direct, low-cost sales model worked perfectly. It allowed Dell to make high margins while selling computer gear for less than its rivals. As a result, it now holds a leading 17.9% share of the world PC market and has grown much faster than competitors Hewlett-Packard and IBM. With thousands of phone and fax orders daily, $5 million in daily Internet sales, and daily contacts between the field sales force and customers of all types, the company kept its finger on the market pulse, quickly detecting shifts in sales trends and getting prompt feedback on any problems with its products. If the company got more than a few similar complaints, the information was relayed immediately to design engineers. When design flaws or components defects were found, the factory was notified and the problem corrected within a matter of days. Management believed Dells ability to respond quickly gave it a significant advantage over rivals, particularly over PC makers in Asia, which made large production runs and sold standardized products through retail channels. Dell saw its direct sales approach as a totally customer-driven system that allowed quick transitions to new generations of components and PC models. i Secondly Dell provided good customer service to compete with its rivals. In 1986 the company began providing a guarantee of free on-site service for a year with most of its PCs after users complained about having to ship their PCs back to Austin for repairs. Dell contracted with local service providers to handle customer requests for repairs; on-site service was provided on a next-day basis. Dell also provided its customers with technical support via a toll-free number, fax, and e-mail. Dell received close to 40,000 e-mail messages monthly requesting service and support and had 25 technicians to process the requests. iiBundled service policies were a major selling point for winning corporate accounts. If a customer preferred to work with his or her own service provider, Dell gave that provider the training and spare parts needed to service the customers equipment. Force 2: The Threat of new Entry. Firstly, Dell created a brand image to reduce the threat of new entries by advertising. Dell was the first computer company to use comparative ads. Its advertisements have appeared in several types of media including television, the Internet, magazines, catalogs and newspapers. Secondly, Dell cuts its price or offering free bonus products in the effect to maintain its market share. In 2006, Dell cut its price in an effort to maintain its 19.2% market share. However, this also cut profit-margins by more than half, from 8.7 to 4.3 percent. To maintain the strategy Dell continuing to accept the online and telephone purchase. The brand loyalty and the low price built up a barrier of entry for the new companies. Force 3: The Threat of Substitutes. Other devices like PDA, handheld electronics etc. are now coming out with features similar to PCs. The mobilebility is the key factor of the competition. Dell generate a smaller size laptop called mini which only has a 10.1 inch screen and only sells at the price under  £200 which is even lower than some of the handheld electronics. With the efficiency of mobile and the same function, for example Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, Dell protects its market share against those substitutes. Force 4: Bargaining Power of Customers. Dell built up its brand loyalty to reduce the bargaining power of customers. First, Dell had its own system and strategy to manage the relationship with customers. Since Dell use the direct sale strategy, customers can buy Dells products from the website or ordered by phone or fax. The customers then can personalize their computer by choosing the configuration of the computer (e.g. RAM, processors, and hard-disk capacity). On the Dells website from which people can directly choose, buy and give feedback, it divided the customers into four major groups home users, small medium business, public sector and large enterprise. Dell then treats different groups differently by offering the special service they need from different groups. For instance, Dell provides special solutions and services for higher education. Such as data consolidation and management, HPC (high performance computing environments), wireless solution, connected classroom etc. Because of its direct sale strategy, Dell can easily track the service for any individual buyers. All the buyer information will be stored in its system; dell can differentiate customers and send relevant product information and services to different customers. These special strategies in selling upgrade its brand image among customers. Second, Dell uses the advertisements to help building up its brand image. On the website, TV, newspaper, high street, people can easily find dells advertising. Those can not only increase dells market activity but also increase its brand pride. Force 5: Reducing the Bargaining Power of Suppliers. Dell has a special understanding on the SCM (supply chain management). Dells strategy is to limit the amount of supplier but pick up some outstanding supplier all over the world. Each supplier has a very close relationship with Dell in long-term. Dell uses its huge globe market to share its business with its entire suppliers. For instance, Dell built a assemble factory in Malaysia, its supplier from Ireland soon built a factory in there as well in order to gain a geographic efficiency. Dell had its assemble factories all over the world which relatively close to its suppliers. This will save a lot of transport costs. The double-win strategy makes the supply chain works well. With the double-win strategy and constant relationship, Dell will be able to ask lower price from the suppliers and reduce the bargaining power from them. Market part: Segmentation Introduction: Michael Dell emphasized the significant status of customers to the companys business by stating Finding ways to get close to your customers is critical to your success. Since different people would have different need from the computer, Dell divided its customers into several segments by discovering special needs from each segment. In the year 1994, the customer group was only divided by two primary customer and normal customer. In that year the assets of Dell is 3.5billion USD. In July 1996 Dell launched its online website www.dell.com. On the website primary client are divided into three segments which are large company, medium company and government education. Customers can easily choose and buy the products directly with advices and helps from dell.com. The assets of Dell rocketed up to 7.8 billion USD in that year. However in 1997, Dell continued differentiating its customer for more segments. Government education segment was divided to State Local Government, Federal Government and education. Small company and home users were also been created as individual segments. The net revenue of Dell was 12 billion in that year. On todays Dells website, people will be able to follow the tips and choose a suitable computer in few minutes. Whats more, customers can personalize their chosen computer by changing the configuration of the computer (e.g. color, RAM, processors, and hard-disk capacity). With this direct sale through different segments, Dell can start to assemble the computer once the transaction has been made. The inventory can then be limited as low as zero. Not like Dells competitors, Dell does not need many warehouses all over the world which will save a lot of costs for the company. Although on todays Dell.com, customers are divided into a lot segments. However, literally customers are differentiated into two segments; Relationship customers in opposing Transaction customers. Although Dell intends to build and maintain a good relationship with all customers, it also becomes clear, that the company would regard some customers more relationship worthy than others, by analyzing customer value. The relationship customers are mainly large enterprise and government etc. which occupied 40% of Dells entire customer. Transaction customers are small business and home users which have percentage of 30 among customers. The remaining 30 percentage customer is regarded as a mixed customer. The advantage for dividing customers in different segment is that the company would be able to analysis how it can encourage the customers to buy its product. For individual users or small business price is the priority. Those customers are regarded as more price insensitive. So for home and small business users the price is slightly lower than its competitors e.g. HP, Toshiba and Sony. For bigger customers such as the government or enterprise, they consider more than the price but consequent services and supports. Take large enterprise for instance, Dell supports a lots of specific services and solutions for running the business. Like Infrastructure Consulting service which is basically a plan for simplifying IT infrastructure, helping reduce operating costs while freeing up resources for new business initiatives.iii Also, Dell runs a program called Dell business Creditiv. This is the same as a loan offered by Dell, but with no interest rate and anytime to pay off the balance. Business without enough cash flow would like to take that program. One of the Dells competitors is IBM, it has a clearly customer segmentation but different from Dell. IBM is more focusing on Business and Industry market. In a simply word it is even more focusing on the Big customers. Similar as Dell did for big client, but even did more specific for the segmentation. For Dell there is no segment for industries like Aerospace, Chemicals and petroleum. More segmentation on large customers also brings more services and solutions for all kinds of industries. One of IBMs famous solutions is offering the security management for Wimbledonv. It provided the security solution for players, staff, media and spectators around the world. Conclusion: Dells market share was No.2 in 2009, IBM was far behind. But since Dells customer groups is much bigger than IBMs. In 2006 IBM sold its PC department to Lenovo, Lenovo used IBMs brand to product and sell IBMs ThinkPad series. It is very difficult to compare which segmentation is better. But for the large business users, IBM is a very strong competitor against Dell, Its high performance computer and advanced technical solutions and services makes IBM the biggest company for larger business and industries. i scribd.com Dell operation ii McGraw Hill Dell Computer Corporation mhhe.com/business/management/thompson/11e/case/dell5.html iii Dell.com Large Enterprise service iv Dell.com business credit v IBM.com Wimbledon case study